Difference between males and females. Participants described their parent’s marital status as 62 married, 7 single, 19 divorced, and 12 separated. When living at dwelling, 78 of participants reported living with their mothers, 68 living with fathers, 13 living with grandparent(s), and 11 living with one more relative. A total of 72 self-identified as members of the Yup’ik Alaska Native cultural linguistic group, followed by Inupiat (21 ), Athabaskan (11 ), Aleut/Alutiq (six ), and Tlingit/Haida (four ). Some men and women identified with two or more ethnic categories. Measures Item pool Adult Self-Mastery: Pearlin et al. (1981) initially created the Mastery scale as an adult measure of individual sense of manage in overcoming life difficulties. The scale consists of seven items rated on a four-point Likert-type scale, assessing the extent to which people perceive themselves as having manage more than the circumstances that influence their lives. Representative items include things like “I can do just about something I genuinely set my thoughts to,” and “What takes place to me within the future mostly depends upon me.” Internal consistency reported by Hobfoll, Jackson, et al. (2002) was = .72. Adult Communal Mastery: The Communal Mastery scale (Jackson, McKenzie, Hobfoll, 2000) is actually a 10-item measure itself originally adapted in the Mastery Scale (Pearlin et al., 1981) plus the Self-Efficacy Scale (Schwarzer, 1993) to measure coping tactics from a much more collectivist orientation. Representative items contain “Working collectively with loved ones and friends I can solve many issues I’ve,” and “What takes place to me within the future depends on my ability to work well with others,” to which men and women respond on a fourpoint Likert scale. Internal consistency for this scale was = .74 (Hobfoll, Jackson, et al., 2002). We adapted these mastery measures for youth. Validity measures Youth Neighborhood Help: The Youth Community Help scale can be a three-item subscale adapted in the People’s Awakening Yup’ik Protective Factors scale for adults (Allen et al., 2006). The Youth Community Help scale taps youth perceptions concerning the presence and extent of help as a protective variables accessible to young people in the community in general, outdoors of family and friendship. Representative products include “People PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2105157 support me” and “People are out there to me for suggestions.”NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptPsychol Assess. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 June 01.Fok et al.PageReligious Involvement: Youth’s degree of involvement with formal religion was assessed by way of two items. On a single item the youth rated the importance of church in their life as not at all, somewhat, or seriously vital, and on a second item, youth rated church attendance via one of five radio buttons, as significantly less than as soon as a year, 1? times a year, 1? instances a month, 3? occasions a month, or at the least when per week. Alaska Native Cultural Identification: The Alaska Native Cultural Identification scale is definitely an eight-item scale adapted from the item set on the Orthogonal Cultural Identification scale (Oetting Beauvais, 1990?991), a strategy of assessment of bicultural identities amongst ethnic minority youth. The Alaska Native Cultural Identification scale uses two item stems, worded applying descriptors our focus group operate found locally understandable: “How considerably you reside by or comply with the [Native/White American] way of life?” and “How considerably do you speak [Native language/MedChemExpress Sodium Danshensu English]?” Simply because.