Difference between males and females. Participants described their parent’s marital status as 62 married, 7 single, 19 divorced, and 12 separated. When living at residence, 78 of participants reported living with their mothers, 68 living with fathers, 13 living with grandparent(s), and 11 living with an additional relative. A total of 72 self-identified as members of the Yup’ik Alaska Native cultural linguistic group, followed by Inupiat (21 ), Athabaskan (11 ), Aleut/Alutiq (6 ), and Tlingit/Haida (four ). Some individuals identified with two or more ethnic categories. Measures Item pool Adult Self-Mastery: Pearlin et al. (1981) initially created the Mastery scale as an adult measure of individual sense of manage in overcoming life troubles. The scale consists of seven WAY-VPA 985 web products rated on a four-point Likert-type scale, assessing the extent to which men and women perceive themselves as getting handle over the circumstances that affect their lives. Representative items include “I can do just about anything I truly set my thoughts to,” and “What occurs to me within the future largely is dependent upon me.” Internal consistency reported by Hobfoll, Jackson, et al. (2002) was = .72. Adult Communal Mastery: The Communal Mastery scale (Jackson, McKenzie, Hobfoll, 2000) is usually a 10-item measure itself originally adapted from the Mastery Scale (Pearlin et al., 1981) along with the Self-Efficacy Scale (Schwarzer, 1993) to measure coping approaches from a extra collectivist orientation. Representative items involve “Working with each other with household and pals I can resolve lots of problems I’ve,” and “What occurs to me within the future is determined by my capability to function well with others,” to which individuals respond on a fourpoint Likert scale. Internal consistency for this scale was = .74 (Hobfoll, Jackson, et al., 2002). We adapted these mastery measures for youth. Validity measures Youth Neighborhood Support: The Youth Community Assistance scale is actually a three-item subscale adapted from the People’s Awakening Yup’ik Protective Elements scale for adults (Allen et al., 2006). The Youth Neighborhood Assistance scale taps youth perceptions with regards to the presence and extent of assistance as a protective variables accessible to young persons in the community generally, outdoors of family members and friendship. Representative products consist of “People PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2105157 help me” and “People are obtainable to me for assistance.”NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptPsychol Assess. Author manuscript; accessible in PMC 2013 June 01.Fok et al.PageReligious Involvement: Youth’s degree of involvement with formal religion was assessed through two products. On one item the youth rated the importance of church in their life as not at all, somewhat, or seriously crucial, and on a second item, youth rated church attendance via one of 5 radio buttons, as much less than once a year, 1? occasions a year, 1? instances a month, 3? instances a month, or a minimum of as soon as per week. Alaska Native Cultural Identification: The Alaska Native Cultural Identification scale is definitely an eight-item scale adapted from the item set from the Orthogonal Cultural Identification scale (Oetting Beauvais, 1990?991), a approach of assessment of bicultural identities among ethnic minority youth. The Alaska Native Cultural Identification scale makes use of two item stems, worded using descriptors our concentrate group operate discovered locally understandable: “How much you reside by or stick to the [Native/White American] way of life?” and “How substantially do you speak [Native language/English]?” Mainly because.