M formation. In addition, we also found that the expression of some genes encoding hypothetical proteins was upregulated or downregulated. These changes might also Methionine enkephalin cost affect biofilm formation in A. pleuropneumoniae. However, these findings should also be 22948146 confirmed in future studies.Supporting InformationFigure S1 4EGI-1 site Schematic representation of the A. pleuropneumoniae clpP locus. The figure shows the binding locations for the oligonucleotide primers used to amplify the two flanking regions (1249 bp and 1200 bp, respectively) used in the construction of the pEMDclpP plasmid and the diagnostic PCR analysis of the clpP-deleted mutant (367 bp) and wild type A. pleuropneumoniae strains (858 bp). The S8DclpP mutant contains a 491 bp in-frame deletion (shadowed domain) in the clpP gene. (TIF) Figure SPCR identification of the S8DclpP mutant. PCR identification of the S8DclpP mutant using the paired primers clpPJDF/clpPJDR. For lanes 8, the identified S8DclpP mutant (367 bp); for lane M, DL2000 DNA marker was used (from top to bottom: 2000, 1000, 750, 500, 250, and 100 bp); for other lanes, the wild-type S8 strain. (TIF)AcknowledgmentsWe thank Dr. Gerald-F. Gerlach (Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany) for the generous donation of E. coli b2155 strain and vectorRole of ClpP in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniaepEMOC2. We also thank Dr. Wang and Dr. Shen (Basic Condition and Technology Services Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China) for technical assistance with the SEM experiments.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: FX CW. Performed the experiments: FX LZ. Analyzed the data: FX GL. Contributed reagents/ materials/analysis tools: YZ SL. Wrote the paper: FX CW.
Treatment strategies for high-grade primary brain tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) have failed to significantly and consistently extended survival despite 50 years of advances in radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgical techniques [1]. Immunotherapy remains an attractive option, although classical approaches that have shown some promise in other malignancies have generally been disappointing when applied to GBM [2?]. A variety of immune cell therapy approaches to GBM have been attempted over the past several years. Ex vivo culture of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) from tumor-draining lymph nodes [8,9], tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), and HLA-mismatched T cells from healthy donors with systemic and intracranial infusion have all met with limited success. 
The most predominant cell therapy consisted of autologous lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, a combination of NK and T lymphocytes cultured in high doses of IL-2. Although promising in early studies, these therapies fall short for several reasons. CTL therapies are based on adaptive immunity (i.e. MHC-restricted, antigen-specific responses) and aretherefore dependent upon the dose of T cell clones that specifically recognize various tumor-associated 
peptide antigens dispersed among various subsets of glioma cells. Infusion or intracranial placement of HLA-mismatched CTL relies on allogeneic recognition of transplantation antigens and is highly dependent on glioma cell MHC Class I expression [10,11]. LAK cell preparations are difficult to consistently manufacture, are short-lived in vivo [12], and are complicated by IL-2 related toxicity once infused or placed in the tumo.M formation. In addition, we also found that the expression of some genes encoding hypothetical proteins was upregulated or downregulated. These changes might also affect biofilm formation in A. pleuropneumoniae. However, these findings should also be 22948146 confirmed in future studies.Supporting InformationFigure S1 Schematic representation of the A. pleuropneumoniae clpP locus. The figure shows the binding locations for the oligonucleotide primers used to amplify the two flanking regions (1249 bp and 1200 bp, respectively) used in the construction of the pEMDclpP plasmid and the diagnostic PCR analysis of the clpP-deleted mutant (367 bp) and wild type A. pleuropneumoniae strains (858 bp). The S8DclpP mutant contains a 491 bp in-frame deletion (shadowed domain) in the clpP gene. (TIF) Figure SPCR identification of the S8DclpP mutant. PCR identification of the S8DclpP mutant using the paired primers clpPJDF/clpPJDR. For lanes 8, the identified S8DclpP mutant (367 bp); for lane M, DL2000 DNA marker was used (from top to bottom: 2000, 1000, 750, 500, 250, and 100 bp); for other lanes, the wild-type S8 strain. (TIF)AcknowledgmentsWe thank Dr. Gerald-F. Gerlach (Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany) for the generous donation of E. coli b2155 strain and vectorRole of ClpP in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniaepEMOC2. We also thank Dr. Wang and Dr. Shen (Basic Condition and Technology Services Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China) for technical assistance with the SEM experiments.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: FX CW. Performed the experiments: FX LZ. Analyzed the data: FX GL. Contributed reagents/ materials/analysis tools: YZ SL. Wrote the paper: FX CW.
Treatment strategies for high-grade primary brain tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) have failed to significantly and consistently extended survival despite 50 years of advances in radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgical techniques [1]. Immunotherapy remains an attractive option, although classical approaches that have shown some promise in other malignancies have generally been disappointing when applied to GBM [2?]. A variety of immune cell therapy approaches to GBM have been attempted over the past several years. Ex vivo culture of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) from tumor-draining lymph nodes [8,9], tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), and HLA-mismatched T cells from healthy donors with systemic and intracranial infusion have all met with limited success. The most predominant cell therapy consisted of autologous lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, a combination of NK and T lymphocytes cultured in high doses of IL-2. Although promising in early studies, these therapies fall short for several reasons. CTL therapies are based on adaptive immunity (i.e. MHC-restricted, antigen-specific responses) and aretherefore dependent upon the dose of T cell clones that specifically recognize various tumor-associated peptide antigens dispersed among various subsets of glioma cells. Infusion or intracranial placement of HLA-mismatched CTL relies on allogeneic recognition of transplantation antigens and is highly dependent on glioma cell MHC Class I expression [10,11]. LAK cell preparations are difficult to consistently manufacture, are short-lived in vivo [12], and are complicated by IL-2 related toxicity once infused or placed in the tumo.