Distinction among males and females. Participants described their parent’s marital status as 62 married, 7 single, 19 divorced, and 12 separated. When living at house, 78 of participants reported living with their mothers, 68 living with fathers, 13 living with grandparent(s), and 11 living with another relative. A total of 72 self-identified as members on the Yup’ik Alaska Native cultural linguistic group, followed by Inupiat (21 ), Athabaskan (11 ), Aleut/Alutiq (six ), and Tlingit/Haida (4 ). Some folks identified with two or more ethnic categories. Measures Item pool Adult Self-Mastery: Pearlin et al. (1981) originally developed the Mastery scale as an adult measure of personal sense of handle in overcoming life issues. The scale consists of seven products rated on a four-point Likert-type scale, assessing the extent to which people perceive themselves as obtaining handle over the situations that affect their lives. Representative items include “I can do just about anything I actually set my thoughts to,” and “What happens to me in the future mostly is determined by me.” Internal consistency reported by Hobfoll, Jackson, et al. (2002) was = .72. Adult Communal Mastery: The Communal Mastery scale (Jackson, McKenzie, Hobfoll, 2000) is actually a 10-item measure itself initially adapted from the Mastery Scale (Pearlin et al., 1981) as well as the Self-Efficacy Scale (Schwarzer, 1993) to measure coping tactics from a a lot more collectivist orientation. Representative items include “Working with each other with household and good friends I can resolve lots of 4EGI-1 biological activity troubles I have,” and “What occurs to me in the future is determined by my capability to perform properly with other folks,” to which folks respond on a fourpoint Likert scale. Internal consistency for this scale was = .74 (Hobfoll, Jackson, et al., 2002). We adapted these mastery measures for youth. Validity measures Youth Community Assistance: The Youth Community Support scale can be a three-item subscale adapted in the People’s Awakening Yup’ik Protective Factors scale for adults (Allen et al., 2006). The Youth Neighborhood Help scale taps youth perceptions regarding the presence and extent of support as a protective variables out there to young men and women from the neighborhood in general, outside of household and friendship. Representative products include things like “People PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2105157 assistance me” and “People are offered to me for advice.”NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptPsychol Assess. Author manuscript; offered in PMC 2013 June 01.Fok et al.PageReligious Involvement: Youth’s amount of involvement with formal religion was assessed by means of two items. On one item the youth rated the significance of church in their life as not at all, somewhat, or definitely crucial, and on a second item, youth rated church attendance through one of five radio buttons, as significantly less than after a year, 1? occasions a year, 1? times a month, 3? instances a month, or at the least once a week. Alaska Native Cultural Identification: The Alaska Native Cultural Identification scale is definitely an eight-item scale adapted from the item set in the Orthogonal Cultural Identification scale (Oetting Beauvais, 1990?991), a strategy of assessment of bicultural identities among ethnic minority youth. The Alaska Native Cultural Identification scale makes use of two item stems, worded using descriptors our focus group work found locally understandable: “How considerably you reside by or comply with the [Native/White American] way of life?” and “How significantly do you speak [Native language/English]?” Mainly because.