The same measures used in the convergent validity studies (Studies 2a2b) including collective helplessness and hopelessness ( = .91), social cohesion ( = .84), and dangerous and threatening worldview ( = .86). In addition to our PAS scale ( = .87), we P144 Peptide site included two other anomie scales: the anomie scales developed by Srole [14] and Agnew [75]. We also included measures of societal unease [30], collective angst about the threat posed by outsiders [91, 92], social dominance orientation [99], perfectionism [95], pessimism [96], belief in a just world [100], the Big Five [98], and political orientation. For all scales participants were asked to provide their response on a 7-point scale (1 = strongly disagree; 7 = strongly agree). Srole’s [14] anomie scale includes five items measuring five distinct components. Since we adapted two of the items from Srole in our anomie scale including ineffectiveness of politicians (item 10 in Table 1) and lack of trust in others (item 4 in Table 1), we did not include these two items when calculating the mean score of the Srole’s scale. Three items remained which assess individuals’ state of mind and are concerned with perceived lack of hope for the future, lack of interest to pursue future goals, and loss of internalized values and meaninglessness. An example item is “Nowadays a person has to live pretty much for today and let tomorrow take care of itself” ( = .74). Agnew’s [75] anomie scale consists of eight items based on Srole’s [14] theoretical framework that anomie involves self-to-other alienation (i.e., anomie as a state of mind). This scale assesses anomie as a one-dimensional construct depicting components of normlessness, powerlessness, and despair. We excluded two items from this scale that were adapted in our own scale (items 4 and 10 in Table 1). Two examples of the remaining items are “I have had more than my fair share of worries”, and “I don’t blame anyone for trying to grab all s/he can get in this world” ( = .68). Societal unease consists of 10 items that refer to the instability of society, drawing on six major factors including distrust, loss of ideology, decline in political power, decline in sense of XL880 side effects community, socioeconomic vulnerability, and pessimism (e.g., “In our country there is notPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0158370 July 6,10 /Measuring Anomieenough attention to people who are less well-off” and “American politics has a decreasing say in matters important to citizens”, [30]) ( = .62). To adapt this to a North American context, one item relating to the control of European Union over EU countries was removed. Collective angst about the threat posed by outsiders was measured using Wohl and Branscombe’s [91] scale, which consists of five items (e.g., “I think the future of the American way of life is under threat from abroad”, “I am concerned about the external threats to the American way of life”). Higher scores refer to higher collective angst about outside threats ( = .95). Social dominance orientation was measured using the eight-item shortened version of the SDO scale developed by Schmitt et al. ([99], e.g., “It’s OK if some groups have more of a chance in life than others”). Higher scores indicate higher levels of social dominance orientation ( = .82). Perfectionism was measured using the perfectionism scale of Frost et al. [95], drawing on two dimensions of perfectionism relating to personal standards and a preference for order and structure. The scale consists of 13 i.The same measures used in the convergent validity studies (Studies 2a2b) including collective helplessness and hopelessness ( = .91), social cohesion ( = .84), and dangerous and threatening worldview ( = .86). In addition to our PAS scale ( = .87), we included two other anomie scales: the anomie scales developed by Srole [14] and Agnew [75]. We also included measures of societal unease [30], collective angst about the threat posed by outsiders [91, 92], social dominance orientation [99], perfectionism [95], pessimism [96], belief in a just world [100], the Big Five [98], and political orientation. For all scales participants were asked to provide their response on a 7-point scale (1 = strongly disagree; 7 = strongly agree). Srole’s [14] anomie scale includes five items measuring five distinct components. Since we adapted two of the items from Srole in our anomie scale including ineffectiveness of politicians (item 10 in Table 1) and lack of trust in others (item 4 in Table 1), we did not include these two items when calculating the mean score of the Srole’s scale. Three items remained which assess individuals’ state of mind and are concerned with perceived lack of hope for the future, lack of interest to pursue future goals, and loss of internalized values and meaninglessness. An example item is “Nowadays a person has to live pretty much for today and let tomorrow take care of itself” ( = .74). Agnew’s [75] anomie scale consists of eight items based on Srole’s [14] theoretical framework that anomie involves self-to-other alienation (i.e., anomie as a state of mind). This scale assesses anomie as a one-dimensional construct depicting components of normlessness, powerlessness, and despair. We excluded two items from this scale that were adapted in our own scale (items 4 and 10 in Table 1). Two examples of the remaining items are “I have had more than my fair share of worries”, and “I don’t blame anyone for trying to grab all s/he can get in this world” ( = .68). Societal unease consists of 10 items that refer to the instability of society, drawing on six major factors including distrust, loss of ideology, decline in political power, decline in sense of community, socioeconomic vulnerability, and pessimism (e.g., “In our country there is notPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0158370 July 6,10 /Measuring Anomieenough attention to people who are less well-off” and “American politics has a decreasing say in matters important to citizens”, [30]) ( = .62). To adapt this to a North American context, one item relating to the control of European Union over EU countries was removed. Collective angst about the threat posed by outsiders was measured using Wohl and Branscombe’s [91] scale, which consists of five items (e.g., “I think the future of the American way of life is under threat from abroad”, “I am concerned about the external threats to the American way of life”). Higher scores refer to higher collective angst about outside threats ( = .95). Social dominance orientation was measured using the eight-item shortened version of the SDO scale developed by Schmitt et al. ([99], e.g., “It’s OK if some groups have more of a chance in life than others”). Higher scores indicate higher levels of social dominance orientation ( = .82). Perfectionism was measured using the perfectionism scale of Frost et al. [95], drawing on two dimensions of perfectionism relating to personal standards and a preference for order and structure. The scale consists of 13 i.