Tstrap analysis provided support values for the branches [26].Real-time qPCRsReal-time qPCR was performed to further compare expression levels of CvHsp40, CvHsp70, CvHsc70 and CvHsp90 in C. vestalis. Total RNA was extracted from whole insect bodies by using the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and was further cleaned by using an RNeasy MiniElute 25033180 Cleanup kit (Qiagen). The quality and concentration of the RNA was determined using a NanoDrop ND1000 spectrophotometer (NanoDrop Technologies, Roackland, DE, USA). Total RNA from each developmental stage and thermal treatment was checked for genomic DNA buy 58-49-1 contamination by PCR amplification of each RNA sample using ORF verified primers for CvHsc70. The amplified products and the DNA ladder were analyzed on a 2 agarose gel containing Ethidium Bromide (EB). Real-time qPCR reactions were run on an EcoTM Thermal Cycler (Illumina) in 10-ml reactions. Each 10 ml reaction contained 1 ml template cDNA, 5 ml Thunderbird Sybr qPCR Mix (TOYOBO, Osaka, Japan), 1 ml each of the corresponding forward and reverse primers (4 mM) and 2 ml ddH2O. Primer pairs used for real-time qPCR experiments were designed from ORF sequences of Licochalcone A CvHsps (Table 1). To normalize differences in total RNA amounts that were reverse-transcribed and added to each reaction, 18S rRNA from C. vestalis (Cv18SrRNA) (GenBank accession No. JX399880) was used as an active endogenous control. Based on Tm value of primer pairs, cycling conditions were designed as: 1 min initial denaturation step at 95uC, followed by 40 cycles of 15 s denaturation at 95uC, 35 s annealing at 60uC, then one cycle of 15 s at 95uC, 15 s at 60uC, and 15 s at 95uC in order to produce the melting curves data. Data were acquired during the extension step and analyzed with the EcoTM Real-Time PCR Detection System. Each amplification reaction was carried out in three biological replicates, from which mean threshold cycle (CT) values plus standard deviations were calculated. The plasmid pGEM-T, which contained full ORF sequences of CvHsp genes or a 450 bp fragment of Cv18SrRNA, was diluted 10-fold in PBS buffer with 105 1081537 to 101 copies per reaction. Amplification efficiencies (E) of semi-quantitative real-time qPCRs were determined based on slope values obtained from linear regressions, where 
Ct values were plotted versus the logarithmic values of serially diluted input plasmid DNA templates by employing the equation E = 10(21/Slope)-1 [27]. Here, amplification efficiencies (E) of CvHsp40, CvHsp70, CvHsc70, CvHsp90 and Cv18SrRNA were 104.2 , 103.2 , 94.7 , 97.1 and 98.7 , respectively. Relative transcript amounts of CvHsps for each developmental stage and different temperature stresses were determined using the comparative Ct method [28]. First, we normalized the Ct values for differences in the quantity of cDNA in each reaction by subtracting the observed Ct values from our internal control, Cv18SrRNA, to generate ?Ct values. Then, we confirmed that the Ct values of the internal control did not differ between developmental stages (ANOVA, df = 6, F = 0.655, p = 0.687) or different thermal stress temperatures (one day old female adults, ANOVA, df = 4, F = 0.311, p = 0.864).Total RNA and Genomic DNA isolation, cDNA Synthesis and Cloning of CvHspsOne-day-old female adults were processed for cDNA cloning. Total RNA was isolated using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). Residual genomic DNA was removed using RNase-free DNase I (Promega, Germany), and 2 mg RNA was us.Tstrap analysis provided support values for the branches [26].Real-time qPCRsReal-time qPCR was performed to further compare expression levels of CvHsp40, CvHsp70, CvHsc70 and CvHsp90 in C. vestalis. Total RNA was extracted from whole insect bodies by using the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and was further cleaned by using an RNeasy MiniElute 25033180 Cleanup kit (Qiagen). The quality and concentration of the RNA was determined using a NanoDrop ND1000 spectrophotometer (NanoDrop Technologies, Roackland, DE, USA). Total RNA from each developmental stage and thermal treatment was checked for genomic DNA contamination by PCR amplification of each RNA sample using ORF verified primers for CvHsc70. The amplified products and the DNA ladder were analyzed on a 2 agarose gel containing Ethidium Bromide (EB). Real-time qPCR reactions were run on an EcoTM Thermal Cycler (Illumina) in 10-ml reactions. Each 10 ml reaction contained 1 ml template cDNA, 5 ml Thunderbird Sybr qPCR Mix (TOYOBO, Osaka, Japan), 1 ml each of the corresponding forward and reverse primers (4 mM) and 2 ml ddH2O. Primer pairs used for real-time qPCR experiments were designed from ORF sequences of CvHsps (Table 1). To normalize differences in total RNA amounts that were reverse-transcribed and added to each reaction, 18S rRNA from C. vestalis (Cv18SrRNA) (GenBank accession No. JX399880) was used as an active endogenous control. Based on Tm value of primer pairs, cycling conditions were designed as: 1 min initial denaturation step at 95uC, followed by 40 cycles of 15 s denaturation at 95uC, 35 s annealing at 60uC, then one cycle of 15 s at 95uC, 15 s at 60uC, and 15 s at 95uC in order to produce the melting curves data. Data were acquired during the extension step and analyzed with the EcoTM Real-Time PCR Detection System. Each amplification reaction was carried out in three biological replicates, from which mean threshold cycle (CT) values plus standard deviations were calculated. The plasmid pGEM-T, which contained full ORF sequences of CvHsp genes or a 450 bp fragment of Cv18SrRNA, was diluted 10-fold in PBS buffer with 105 1081537 to 101 copies per reaction. Amplification efficiencies (E) of semi-quantitative real-time qPCRs were determined based on slope values obtained from linear regressions, where Ct values were plotted versus the logarithmic values of serially diluted input plasmid DNA templates by employing the equation E = 10(21/Slope)-1 [27]. Here, amplification efficiencies (E) of CvHsp40, CvHsp70, CvHsc70, CvHsp90 and Cv18SrRNA were 104.2 , 103.2 , 94.7 , 97.1 and 98.7 , respectively. Relative transcript amounts of CvHsps for each developmental stage and different temperature stresses were determined using the comparative Ct method [28]. First, we normalized the Ct values for differences in the quantity of cDNA in each reaction by subtracting the observed Ct values from our internal control, Cv18SrRNA, to generate ?Ct values. Then, we confirmed that the Ct values of the internal control did not differ between developmental stages (ANOVA, df = 6, F = 0.655, p = 0.687) or different thermal stress temperatures (one day old female adults, ANOVA, df = 4, F = 0.311, p = 0.864).Total RNA and Genomic DNA isolation, cDNA 
Synthesis and Cloning of CvHspsOne-day-old female adults were processed for cDNA cloning. Total RNA was isolated using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). Residual genomic DNA was removed using RNase-free DNase I (Promega, Germany), and 2 mg RNA was us.