G472311_T01 GRMZM2G058305_T01 GRMZM2G025387_T01 GRMZM5G856738_T02 GRMZM2G112057_T01 GRMZM2G154489_T01 ZMU28376 d GRMZM2G168706_T01 GRMZM2G030673_T01 GRMZM2G088361_T01 GRMZM2G311220_T01 GRMZM2G332660_T01 AC2100134_FGT014 GRMZM2G104125_T01 AC2338711_FGT003 GRMZM2G028086_T01 GRMZM2G099425_T01 GRMZM2G365035_T01 GRMZM2G157068_T01 GRMZM2G053868_TGenBank accession numbers; – represents no alternative splice variants.Kong et al. BMC Genomics 2013, 14:433 http://www.biomedcentral/1471-2164/14/Page four ofFigure 1 Phylogenetic tree of CDPKs from maize, rice and Arabidopsis. Neighbor-joining tree was made working with MEGA5.0 program with 1,000 bootstrap employing full length sequences of 40 maize, 29 rice, and 34 Arabidopsis CDPK proteins. Four groups had been labeled as I, II, III, and IV. Red boxes, maize-rice orthologs; blue boxes, duplicated genes.Ca2+-regulated enzyme activity when when compared with the C-terminal EF3 and EF4 motifs and recommended that the EF1 and EF2 motifs may function as a switch for the protein kinase activity mediating abiotic anxiety signaling [28].Clofibrate Most maize CDPKs contained 4 EF hands; ZmCPK29, ZmCPK30 and ZmCPK31 every had 3 EF hands (Table 1). Interestingly, ZmCPK7 had only 1 EF hand, which was also identified in its homologs, OsCPK7 and AtCPK25 [34,35]. It would be of interest to explore differences within the biological functions of ZmCPK7 along with other ZmCPKs.Phylogenetic analysis on the CDPK gene familyTo study the evolutionary relationships between unique CDPK members, an unrooted tree was constructed from alignments of your full CDPK amino acid sequences as well as the phylogenetic analysis indicated that 40 ZmCPKs can be divided into four groups (Figure 1). It was reported that CRKs, PPCKs and PEPRKs were closely associated towards the CDPKs. As shown in Figure 1, ZmCPKs, AtCRKs, AtPPCKs and AtPEPRKs had been clustered into 7 distinct groups, which indicated that all 40 ZmCPKs basically belonged for the CDPK loved ones. Group I contained 17 CDPKs from maize, 11 from rice and 10 from Arabidopsis. ZmCPK1, ZmCPK2, ZmCPK3 and ZmCPK4 showed a high degree of similarity with OsCPK13 (OsCDPK7), which was shown to become connected with cold, drought and salt stress responses [31]. This similarity indicates that ZmCPK1, ZmCPK2, ZmCPK3 and ZmCPK4 may well be involved in abiotic tension. Group II contained 11 maize CDPKs, eight rice CDPKs and 13 Arabidopsis CDPKs. ZmCPK25 shared 76 similarity with OsCPK12, a good regulator of salt tolerance in addition to a adverse regulator of blast resistance [33]. Group III contained 9 maize CDPKs, eight rice CDPKs and 8 Arabidopsis CDPKs. The amino acid sequence identity amongst ZmCPK32 and OsCPK21 approached 75 . OsCPK21 was shown to confer salt tolerance in rice [32].Bafilomycin A1 Group IV contained 3 CDPKs from maize, 3 from rice and 3 from Arabidopsis.PMID:24914310 ZmCPK38 and AtCPK28 shared 75 similarity at the amino acids level. Not too long ago, AtCPK28 was reported to regulate plant stem elongation and vascular improvement by altering the expression of NAC transcriptional and gibberellic acid homeostasis regulators [52]. ZmCPK39 showed the highest similarity with OsCPK4, and OsCPK4 was shown to become transiently activated in G. intraradices-inoculated rice roots [53].Kong et al. BMC Genomics 2013, 14:433 http://www.biomedcentral/1471-2164/14/Page 5 ofPhylogenetic analysis showed that there were 14 closely related maize-rice orthologs (ZmCPK5 and OsCPK5, ZmCPK6 and OsCPK6, ZmCPK7 and OsCPK7, ZmCPK10 and OsCPK27, ZmCPK11 and OsCPK10, ZmCPK17 and OsCPK28, ZmCPK18 and OsC.