E pDong system, soluble Fab fragments were expressed in the E. coli, and were purified. When the purified Fab fragmentsFigure 
1. Selection of anti-HPAI HA antibodies. (A) The structure of BSA-MBS-HA331 used for mice immunization. (B) Flow chart for the development of monoclonal Fabs. The RNA extracted from the spleen cells of immunized mice was used for RT-PCR, which produced VH and VL cDNAs. These fragments were used to make the pDong1 phagemid library that was subsequently used for biopanning the phage libraries. (C) ELISA of the binding of positive Fab-phages to HA 331 peptide and HA proteins. HA331: cleavage site peptide; MBS: m-maleimidobenzoic acid Nhydroxysuccinimide ester; BSA: bovine serum albumin; H1N1-HA: recombinant A/California/04/2009 H1N1 HA; H5N1-HA: recombinant A/Vietnam/ 1194/2004 H5N1 HA. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061158.gAntibodies for HPAI H5N1 VirusesFigure 2. Binding specificity of the clones. (A) ELISA to determine binding to several other HA proteins. H5N1-HA(An): A/Anhui/1/05(H5N1) HA; H5N1-HA(Tu): A/Turkey/1/2005(H5N1) HA; H7N7-HA(Ne): A/Netherlands/219/03(H7N7) HA. (B) ELISA to determine epitope sequence. The inhibitory effect of 7-mer partial peptide sequences shown on the binding of Fab-phages to SAv-HA331 peptide was investigated. The peptide NSPQRER showed maximal inhibitory effect. (C) The cleavage site peptide sequence of HA proteins used. The presumptive peripheral and core epitope sequences are shown in brown and red, respectively. H6 is shown as a reference. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061158.gwere analyzed by SDS-PAGE, two distinct bands with molecular weights of 24 kDa and 26 kDa were observed under reducing conditions, which were identified as the light and Fd immunoglobulin chains 15481974 (Fig. 3A). Then the antigen-binding activity of Fab fragments was confirmed by ELISA (Fig. 3B). As a result, all the purified Fab fragments showed specific binding to H5N1 HA (A/ Vietnam/1194/04), but not to BSA. For more quantitative evaluation of antigen binding affinity, SPR analysis was performed. SPR biosensors were utilized to derive the kon, koff, and KD values for each antibody against the immobilized HA331-derived peptide and H5N1 HA protein ligands. Fig. 4 shows the binding sensorgrams with HA331 peptide, while Fig. S1 shows the assays with H5N1 HA. The association and dissociation rates (kon and koff), as well as theequilibrium dissociation constant (KD = koff/kon), are summarized in Table 1. For antigen peptides, the KD for clones A3 and D4 was much lower than A4 and D8; the KD was in the subnanomolar range due to the slower koff for these clones. The difference in absolute rate constants observed for the three peptides might at least partly reflect their different immobilization density on the sensorchip surface. On the contrary, the difference in KD values for the immobilized HA protein was not obvious between the clones, as it ranged from 36 to 76 nM.The binding of Fab antibodies to highly and low pathogenic H5N1 virusesTo evaluate the potential for the synthesized Fab fragments to bind to viral Nafarelin particles, two H5N1 viruses were prepared. A/Figure 3. Characterization of soluble Fab fragments. (A) SDS-PAGE of purified Fab fragments. Upper and lower bands correspond to Fd and L chains, respectively. M: Molecular Rubusoside weight standards. (B) ELISA for evaluating binding to H5N1 HA protein. H5N1-HA: recombinant 
HA from H5N1 A/ Vietnam/1194/2004. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061158.gAntibodies for HPAI H5N1 VirusesFigure 4.E pDong system, soluble Fab fragments were expressed in the E. coli, and were purified. When the purified Fab fragmentsFigure 1. Selection of anti-HPAI HA antibodies. (A) The structure of BSA-MBS-HA331 used for mice immunization. (B) Flow chart for the development of monoclonal Fabs. The RNA extracted from the spleen cells of immunized mice was used for RT-PCR, which produced VH and VL cDNAs. These fragments were used to make the pDong1 phagemid library that was subsequently used for biopanning the phage libraries. (C) ELISA of the binding of positive Fab-phages to HA 331 peptide and HA proteins. HA331: cleavage site peptide; MBS: m-maleimidobenzoic acid Nhydroxysuccinimide ester; BSA: bovine serum albumin; H1N1-HA: recombinant A/California/04/2009 H1N1 HA; H5N1-HA: recombinant A/Vietnam/ 1194/2004 H5N1 HA. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061158.gAntibodies for HPAI H5N1 VirusesFigure 2. Binding specificity of the clones. (A) ELISA to determine binding to several other HA proteins. H5N1-HA(An): A/Anhui/1/05(H5N1) HA; H5N1-HA(Tu): A/Turkey/1/2005(H5N1) HA; H7N7-HA(Ne): A/Netherlands/219/03(H7N7) HA. (B) ELISA to determine epitope sequence. The inhibitory effect of 7-mer partial peptide sequences shown on the binding of Fab-phages to SAv-HA331 peptide was investigated. The peptide NSPQRER showed maximal inhibitory effect. (C) The cleavage site peptide sequence of HA proteins used. The presumptive peripheral and core epitope sequences are shown in brown and red, respectively. H6 is shown as a reference. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061158.gwere analyzed by SDS-PAGE, two distinct bands with molecular weights of 24 kDa and 26 kDa were observed under reducing conditions, which were identified as the light and Fd immunoglobulin chains 15481974 (Fig. 3A). Then the antigen-binding activity of Fab fragments was confirmed by ELISA (Fig. 3B). As a result, all the purified Fab fragments showed specific binding to H5N1 HA (A/ Vietnam/1194/04), but not to BSA. For more quantitative evaluation of antigen binding affinity, SPR analysis was performed. SPR biosensors were utilized to derive the kon, koff, and KD values for each antibody against the immobilized HA331-derived peptide and H5N1 HA protein ligands. Fig. 4 shows the binding sensorgrams with HA331 peptide, while Fig. S1 shows the assays with H5N1 HA. The association and dissociation rates (kon and koff), as well as theequilibrium dissociation constant (KD = koff/kon), are summarized in Table 1. For antigen peptides, the KD for clones A3 and D4 was much lower than A4 and D8; the KD was in the subnanomolar range due to the slower koff for these clones. The difference in absolute rate constants observed for the three peptides might at least partly reflect their different immobilization density on the sensorchip surface. On the contrary, the difference in KD values for the immobilized HA protein was not obvious between the clones, as it ranged from 36 to 76 nM.The binding of Fab antibodies to highly and low pathogenic H5N1 virusesTo evaluate the potential for the synthesized Fab fragments to bind to viral particles, two H5N1 viruses were prepared. A/Figure 3. Characterization of soluble Fab fragments. (A) SDS-PAGE of purified Fab fragments. Upper and lower bands correspond to Fd and L chains, respectively. M: Molecular weight standards. (B) ELISA for evaluating binding to H5N1 HA protein. H5N1-HA: recombinant HA from H5N1 A/ Vietnam/1194/2004. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061158.gAntibodies for HPAI H5N1 VirusesFigure 4.