Easured working with a wavelength of 0.138 nm. A CCD detector (Rayonix, SX165, Rayonix, L.L.C., Evanston, IL, USA) using a diameter of 165 mm was used to capture the WAXS profile. The scattering angle was calibrated using 4-Bromobenzoic acid as the common material. Before testing, a Die C kind dumbbell specimen was placed in the grips of a stretching apparatus. The sample was stretched at a crosshead speed of 50 mm/min to a provided strain and was then relaxed in the deformed state for 30 s. WAXS was recorded and stretching then continued towards the subsequent predetermined strain, repeating until the characterization wasPolymers 2021, 13,six ofcomplete. The degree of crystallinity (Xc ) was calculated primarily based on information obtained in the WAXS profiles as follows: Degree of crystallinity ( Xc ) = Ac Ac + A a(six)exactly where Ac and Aa will be the regions under the crystalline peak of interest along with the amorphous halo, respectively. The orientation parameter (OP) was determined in the Hermann equation, as follows: OP = 3[cos 2 ] – 1 two (7)exactly where could be the azimuthal angle related for the direction of strain. The mean worth of cos2 is calculated as follows:[cos two ] =2 0 Ic ( ) cos sin d 0 Ic ( ) sin d(8)exactly where Ic () could be the scattering intensity of the crystal at . Ic () is normalized by subtracting the minimum scattering intensity from the amorphous element of your original WAXS intensity [23,24]. The information reported within this section were the median values of three repeated tests. three. Results and Discussion three.1. BET Surface Area of HNT The key explanation to treat the HNT with acid was to increase their precise surface location so as to gain improved make contact with with the rubber matrix. To assess this expectation, the surface region of acid-treated HNT was measured through the BET method. The BET surface W-19-d4 hydrochloride places of raw HNT and acid-treated HNT are presented in Figure 1. The BET surface location of HNT increased from 25.83 to 57.83 m2 /g with acid therapy time. The larger distinct surface area identified was attributed to etching by H2 SO4 , and specifically towards the leaching of Al3+ ions from the octahedral layer as a result of hydrolysis beneath acidic situations. The reaction amongst kaolinite and sulfuric acid, based on Maket al. [25], may be expressed as follows: Al2 O3 SiO2 H2 O + 3H2 SO4 Al2 (SO4 )3 + 2SiO2 + 5H2 O. The etching of HNT surfaces by sulfuric acid also reduced hydroxyl groups attached on the Al H inner surfaces of HNT, as a result of penetration of sulfuric acid in to the inner layers of HNT. The probable etching mechanism of sulfuric acid on HNT is illustrated in Figure two. This mechanism is further correlated together with the FTIR results in the following section. 3.2. FT-IR ZPCK Apoptosis Evaluation To confirm the structure of HNT before and immediately after acid therapy, FTIR spectra of raw HNT and acid-treated HNT were captured and are shown in Figure 3. Within the O stretching region, the untreated HNT and acid-treated HNT showed bands at 3694 cm-1 and 3622 cm-1 , which correspond to inner surface and outer surface hydroxyl groups stretching, respectively. The acid treatments applied towards the HNT didn’t show significant variation in FTIR patterns. In the fingerprint area, the HNT showed a series of bands with peaks at wavenumbers 908 cm-1 , 798 cm-1 and 752 cm-1 which will be assigned to the Al l H, Al g H and Si l vibrations inside the HNT sheet. The sturdy bands in the 1120000 cm-1 area were as a consequence of Si stretching, which was observed for each untreated and acid-treated HNT [26]. The reductions in peak intensity within the regions 37.